Women’s Commissions In India
Women's commissions in India were established with great promise and high expectations, envisioned as institutions dedicated to safeguarding the rights and interests of women at both the national and state levels.
Yet, as time has passed, the need for a critical review of their functioning and responses to pressing women's issues has become evident.
Recent incidents of molestation and rape in Manipur have brought these commissions into sharp focus, revealing a disturbing saga of cruel disregard for human dignity and rights.
Women’s Commissions
National Commission for Women (NCW)
The NCW is the statutory body of the Government of India, generally concerned with advising the government on all policy matters affecting women.
It was established in January 1992 under the provisions of the Indian Constitution, as defined in the 1990 National Commission for Women Act.
The objective of the NCW is to represent the rights of women in India and to provide a voice for their issues and concerns.
The subjects of their campaigns have included dowry, politics, religion, equal representation for women in jobs, and the exploitation of women for labour.
The NCW also receives and investigates complaints from women who are victims of violence, discrimination, harassment, or deprivation of their rights.
State Commissions for Women
Apart from the NCW, there are also State Commissions for Women in various states and union territories of India.
These commissions are also established under the respective state acts or orders and have similar functions and powers as the NCW.
Some of the states and union territories that have their own commissions for women are Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
Objectives And Functions of The Women’s Commissions
Objectives of Women's Commissions
Representation of Women's Rights
The primary objective of the National Commission for Women (NCW), is to represent and advocate for the rights of women in India.
They act as a voice for women's issues and concerns, addressing various challenges faced by women in society.
Policy Advice
Women's commissions are tasked with advising the government on policy matters that affect women.
They provide valuable recommendations and suggestions to shape policies and legislation that promote gender equality and safeguard women's rights.
Safeguarding Constitutional Provisions
Women's commissions are responsible for investigating and examining all matters related to the safeguards provided for women under the Indian Constitution and other laws.
They ensure that constitutional rights and protections for women are upheld and implemented effectively.
Handling Complaints
These commissions are mandated to address complaints related to women's rights violations.
They play a crucial role in investigating and resolving issues of discrimination, harassment, violence, and other injustices faced by women.
Suo Motu Actions
Apart from responding to complaints, women's commissions can also take suo motu notice of matters related to the deprivation of women's rights and non-implementation of laws aimed at protecting women.
This allows them to proactively address emerging issues affecting women.
Empowering Women
Women's commissions work towards empowering women by promoting their economic development, education, and health.
They aim to enhance women's employment potential and create opportunities for their advancement in various sectors.
Functions of Women's Commissions
Research and Study
Women's commissions conduct research and studies on issues relevant to women's rights and gender equality.
They gather data and information to support evidence-based policy recommendations.
Advocacy and Awareness
These commissions engage in advocacy efforts to raise awareness about women's rights, gender equality, and related issues.
They organize campaigns and events to promote social awareness and change attitudes towards women.
Legal Aid and Support
Women's commissions often provide legal aid and support to women who have faced discrimination, violence, or other rights violations.
They assist women in accessing justice and navigating legal processes.
Training and Capacity Building
Commissions offer training programs and capacity-building initiatives for various stakeholders, including law enforcement agencies, to sensitize them towards women's issues and improve their response to gender-based challenges.
Policy Recommendations
Based on their research and findings, women's commissions make policy recommendations to the government to address systemic gender disparities and create a more gender-inclusive society.
Collaboration and Partnerships
These commissions collaborate with various stakeholders, including NGOs, civil society organizations, and other government bodies, to create a collective effort in promoting women's rights and gender equality.
Challenges Faced by Women's Commissions
Lack of Adequate Resources and Autonomy
Women's commissions often face financial constraints, relying heavily on government funding, which can impact their independence and hinder their ability to function effectively.
Political Interference
Being nominated by the ruling government, women's commissions may face pressure to avoid cases that could potentially reflect negatively on the government or its allies.
This political interference can compromise their impartiality and commitment to women's rights.
Limited Awareness and Accessibility
Many women, especially in rural and remote areas, are unaware of the existence and role of women's commissions.
The lack of awareness hampers their ability to seek assistance and support from these commissions when faced with challenges.
Controversies Surrounding Women's Commissions
Manipur Incident Response
The NCW's response in Manipur case has been criticized for not acting swiftly and proactively.
Mangalore Pub Attack Response:
In 2009, when a group of women was assaulted in a pub in Mangalore, the NCW's response was criticized as insensitive and victim-blaming.
The commission's member blamed the victims for not protecting themselves and questioned their reluctance to come forward.
Handling of Sexual Harassment Allegations:
The NCW's response to sexual harassment allegations against a former Chief Justice of India in 2019 raised concerns about its proactiveness and willingness to safeguard women's rights.
Achievements of NCW
Strengthening of Law Related To Women’s Rights
The NCW has helped strengthen the implementation of laws pertaining to women’s rights, such as the Domestic Violence Act 2005 and the Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.
Legal and Psychological Counselling
It has provided legal and psychological counselling to victims of violence and sexual harassment.
Sexual Harassment at Workplace
It has monitored and ensured the implementation of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
Gender Profiles
It has prepared Gender Profiles to assess the status of wom en and their empowerment in all the states and Union Territories except Lakshadweep.
Child Marriage and Other Legal Issues
It has taken up the issue of child marriage, sponsored legal awareness programmes, Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalats and reviewed laws such as Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, PNDT Act 1994, Indian Penal Code 1860 and the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 to make them more stringent and effective.
Workshops and Consultations
It has organized workshops/consultations, constituted expert committees on economic empowerment of women, conducted workshops/seminars for gender awareness and took up publicity campaigns against female foeticide, violence against women etc. in order to generate awareness in the society against these social evils.
Newsletter
It has regularly published a monthly newsletter called “Rashtra Mahila” in both Hindi and English
Strategies for Improving Women's Commissions
Transparent Appointment Process
Adopt a merit-based and transparent process for appointing chairpersons and members of women's commissions. Involving representatives from various stakeholders, including the Opposition, judiciary, and civil society organizations, can help ensure impartiality.
Social Audit
Conduct regular social audits of women's commissions by external agencies to assess their performance, utilization of funds, and impact.
This will hold them accountable and provide insights for improvement
Enhanced Field Visits
Encourage commission members and staff to conduct more field visits, interact with women in different regions, and understand their unique challenges and needs.
Awareness and Accessibility
Promote greater awareness of women's commissions among women, particularly in remote areas, through various channels such as helplines, online platforms, and mobile outreach.
Empathy and Sensitivity Training
Provide training to commission members and staff to develop empathy and sensitivity towards women in distress. This will help create a supportive and victim-centered approach in dealing with cases.
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